THE PRINCIPLES OF NON-INTERVENTION AND NEUTRALITY OF THE STATE OF INDONESIA IN ADDRESSING THE U.S.–ISRAEL–IRAN INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW

Abstract

The escalation of the armed conflict between the U.S., Israel, and Iran poses serious challenges to the international legal order, particularly regarding the principles of non-intervention and state neutrality. This study aims to analyze the legal framework governing the principles of non-intervention and state neutrality based on the UN Charter, the Hague Conventions V and XIII of 1907, and the 1982 Manila Declaration, while evaluating their implementation within Indonesia’s legal framework. The method used is normative legal research employing a statute approach and a conceptual approach. The results of the study indicate that these three legal instruments collectively establish a normative framework that prohibits military involvement with warring parties and promotes the diplomatic resolution of disputes. Indonesia has proven to be consistent as a non-belligerent state through its rejection of unilateral military action and active participation in multilateral forums, despite facing domestic pressure and limited diplomatic leverage. It is recommended that Indonesia strengthen territorial surveillance and preventive diplomacy, as well as develop a national legal doctrine that is adaptable to the threats of cyberattacks and proxy warfare.